Proto-Athelo-Elsic

Proto-Athelo-Elsic (PAE) is the linguistic reconstruction of the common ancestor of the Athelo-Elsic languages. It is estimated to have been spoken as a single language around 5000 LE. It is believed to have been spoken around the Ayawi Plateau of Southeastern Athelia. The Proto-Athelo-Elsicians were believed to have been part of a farming culture during the Late Neolithic and had a fishing economy, with salmon as a staple.

Phonology
The phonology of Proto-Athelo-Elsic has been reconstructed to a large extent. It had the following phonemes.





Numerals
one-xyig

two-knoʔ t

three-ʃruis

four-pye ʃwir

five- θ ln kʷ a

six- ʃw ʔ uk

<span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;">seven- <span style="color:black;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;">ʃnwaps

eight-tra <span style="font-family:'ArialUnicodeMS',sans-serif;font-size:20pt;line-height:115%;">ʔ <span style="font-family:'ArialUnicodeMS',sans-serif;font-size:20pt;line-height:115%;">ɬ <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:16.1px;">ie <span style="font-family:'ArialUnicodeMS',sans-serif;font-size:20pt;line-height:115%;">ħ

nine-na <span style="color:black;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;">ʃwin

<span style="color:black;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;">ten-tra <span style="color:black;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;">ʃwim

<span style="color:black;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;">eleven-tra <span style="color:black;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;">ʃwim xyig

twenty-kno <span style="font-family:'ArialUnicodeMS',sans-serif;font-size:20pt;line-height:115%;">ʔ t <span style="color:black;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;">ʃwim

<span style="color:black;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;">hundred-d <span style="color:black;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;">ʃiat

<span style="color:black;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;">thousand-a <span style="color:black;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;">ʃ <span style="font-family:'ArialUnicodeMS',sans-serif;font-size:20pt;line-height:115%;">gʰ <span style="color:black;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;">ak

<span style="color:black;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;">Grammatical Features
<span style="color:black;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;">affixation-derivational and morphological affixes attached to words that change and modify the meaning in some way

<span style="color:black;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;">Prefixes include /m-/ for causative and /s-/ for intransitive

<span style="color:black;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;">voiced and unvoiced alternation of the initial consonant of some verbs that can affect the valency or form class of a word

<span style="color:black;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;">Nouns are inflected for cases

<span style="color:black;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;">verbs have tenses

<span style="color:black;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;">accent is on any syllable and is characterized by pitch rather than loudness

<span style="color:black;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;">some consonants change depending on the next vowel

possession is shown by prefixes and an ephenthetic -t- is added when prefixes are added to a vowel initial stem

prefixes lose vowels before kinship terms

there is a separate plural for each gender

an /i/ is added between two consonants when two morphemes are joined.

Sound changes

Õ'-Present and Indicative for verbs PAE Wo-PA W-PF and OF

Asi-animate proximaye plural PAE Weshe-PA Wesh-PF Wosh-OF

Tunikun-Coscan Name

Tunitsun-Mocipian Name

The Black Wolves

Dhewbh Wlkwos

Snak Dkwəjn

Sikwowa Mah

Snikwo

SOV Word Order

Dhenibwo-Black PAE Mlkwəjs-Wolf PAE Mlkwəjsewn-Wolves PAE Danebwe-Black PA Milkwajs-Wolf PA Milkwajsion-Wolves PA Tanep-Black PF Mulxais-Wolf PF Mulxaisio-Wolves PF Tanəp-Black OF Mulxos-Wolf OF Mulxosio-Wolves OF

məXšer-fire in proto-Athelo-Elsic maXšer PA māsher PF Māshr OF(day)

Pyeshwir-PAE Pyeshwer-PA Pishon-C Pesherv-Sanacer, e is lowtone and v is high. all ar long vowels

nath(aspirated)-to tie in PAE Nat PA naþ PF Naf-OF(good)

"Good dayto you Hella!"

Adjectives have the suffix and agree with plural and gender

Qandhk-land PAE Qndk-land PA Qwntx-land PF OF C-Lkk

Osqwntx Oscond Osconders Oscondic

-ewn plural suffix nominative case

Sound Changes Proto-Athelo-Elsic to Proto-Athelic

ə to a

o to we

o to a when followed by glottalized

l to r when word initial and intervocal

ē to e

ā to o

Õ to wo

Ī to y

Ei and ai to ie when stressed

Õi to ai and to ui when final syllable

Eu to  io

Ēu to iau

m0 to im and um when near X and hh

L and r and m and n acting as vowels turn to i+the consonant

Tt to st

K to sh

Kw to k

Sķ to sh

Ģ to zh

Gw to gw

S to sh when followed by r, u, k and i

Jə to a

Final gh is lost

Ruk to aw

Ng to ng

Lj to l

Ng to k when after an a

Yi to a

Iu to u

Tj to tsj

e to a when following a dental stop

t to y when word initial

Vowels are lost when before a glottal stop

Glottal stops before a vowel turn to y

Glottal stops are lost following a vowel

Vowels are lost following a velar stop or a lateral

We to wi

K to kw when the previous vowel is followed by an h

I to e when on a non final syllable but after a consonant that is not an s

I to e when final syllable

ł to þ

E is lost when between two ł or þ

Aspirate and glottalized merged with non

Sound Changes Proto-Athelic to Proto-Fersanic

A dental stop followed by an l turns into a ł Lch turns to tł Lsh turns to ł g turns into gw k turns into a kw q turns into a qw x turns into a xw sx to s shx fo s im,in,il,ir to um,un,ul,ur st to ss glottal stop, X and hh are lost before vowels Glottal stop, X and hh after vowels are lost but lengthen the previous vowels The hh turns into a g when after an n or m but before a w e,a and o word finally are lost p to b t to th b to p d to t g to k k to x Word final m to n Final n is lost e to i when followed by a nasal kw to k

Sound changes Proto-Fersanic to Old Fersing

z to r Non lengthened vowels are lost when on the last syllable preceeded by an r ahi to æ Word intial a to e when preceeded by a palatal az preceeded by a lateral is lost and lengthens the previous consonant ai to o Aha to ā th to f Word final n is lost iu to long y A z before a nasal to a đ U followed by a nasal turns to a long y and the nasal is lost wa is lost before a lateral a stop followed by an e turns into a stop followed by an j(be to bjo) First syllable e turns to an o B to v intervocally A vowel followed by an h+consonant is lengthened and the h is lost O to a when followed by a w Wu to o A k preceded by a vowel+nasal turns to a ch Ey after a gw turns into a öy Unstressed vowels turn into ə

sound changes Proto-Athelic to Coscan

Proto-Athelic to Coscan

pw- → p(r)- → p-

{s,θ,ʔ,h}{p,t,ʧ,k} → elongated second consonant

p → kw / _ ? kw

{p,b} {t,d} → m n / _{n,m}

Ø → p / m_{l,s,t}

kw → Ø / C_C

kw → k / _{o,i,C}

gw → gu / ŋ_

w → Ø / g_V{l,r}

gw → v

kʲ→ k

r-T- → Ṭ-

t → k / _l

t → Ø / C_#

t → d / V_

dw → b

d → Ø / V:_#

d → Ø / C_

d → l "in many dialects"

g → Ø / _h

kwa- → kʷa-

kwə- → kʷɨ-

V → Vː / _T[+voiced]{T[-voiced],F[-voiced]} "(i, e, and o sometimes bypass this)"

{t,d} → s / _s

{k,g} → ŋ / _n

{d,n,r} → l / _l

{d,t}t → tst → ss

Ø → t / ss_r

d → r / _ ? r

s-r- → ʂ-

sr- → ʂ-

sl- → s-

s-l- → tʰ- or z-

{ʔs,hs,ʔr,hr} → sː

s → z → r / V_V

s → θ → f / #_r

s → θ → b / _r

s → z / _C[+voiced]

z → Ø / _C[+voiced]

s → z / _{N,l,r}

z → Ø / _{l,r}

s → z → l / l_

s → z → r / r_

ss → s / _#

ss → s / {A,Vː}_

C₁C₂C₃C₄ → {C₃C₄,C₄}

C₁C₂C₃ → C₁C₃

r- → l-

C-r- → l-

Cr- → C-

l- → d- or ji-

C-l- → d- or ji-

Cl- → T- or Tɕ-

ml-, ŋl- → dʑ-

r → s / _C[+obs]

l/r → n

l̩ → ol

l̩ː → l

r̩ → or

r̩ː → r

l → r / _Vl

l → r / lV_ "(in suffixes with l if root already has l)"

r → Ø / r ? _

θ → r

{ʔ,h}ʃ → ʃː

h → Ø / _m

{n,r} → Ø / _r

{m̩,n̩} → e{m,n}

n̩ː → n

mm → n / {A,Vː}_

n → r / _r

n → l / l_

n → r / _ ? r

n → Ø / V[+nasalized]

(w,j)V[short] → Ø / C_#, "only in three+-syllable words or two-syllable words in which the first syllable contains a long vowel"

{w,j}V[short] → Ø / V[+long]_#; "I'm unsure if this is a universal change"

jeː → iː / C_

ja → iː / C_C

j → Ø / C_

we → o

wi → i / {t,r}_

w → u / t_

w → Ø / s_o

e → i

e o → i u / _ŋ

o → u / _{m{b,k},l̴}

o → e / w_{r,s,t}

oː → uː / _r

aj → ai → ae "or > e: in rustic dialects"

ej → eː → iː "but stays at e: in rustic dialects"

oj → oi → oe → uː

aw → au "or > o: in rustic dialects"

{e,o}w → ou → uː

{i,o} → e / _#

{i,e} → Ø / _# (sometimes)

a → e / _C(C)#

e → i / _{s,t}#

o → u / _C(C)# except when {u,w}_C(C)#

{a,e,o}i → ei → iː / _(C)(C)#

Vː → V / _{m,(n)t,l,r}#

Vː → V / _#

e → o / _w

e → o w_

V → Vː / _zC[+voiced]

V₁ → V₂ / _ ? V₂ (rare)

V → Vː / _z{l,r}

V → Vː / _{d,t}t

Vː → V / _C(C)# "(irregular: often before -m, -t, -nt, but never before ?s)"

V → {Vː,V[+nasalized]} / _n{f,s}

P = labials, A = diphthongs, T = stops, F = fricatives

Coscan to Caitanese


 * 1) d_ to t


 * 1) n_ to l


 * 1) r_ to ar


 * 1) sC to isC

# Vn,d to V˦

# Vp,t,k to V˧˥


 * 1) Vs to V˥˩


 * 1) v_ to b


 * 1) _g to t


 * 1) _l to ng


 * 1) _ng to n


 * 1) _N to nasalized vowel

a: to o

Co: to Cau

CrV to wi

CV: to wa

dV, tV to tja

e: to a

gl to ja

grV/krV to gjV/kjV

g to k

gV to dzV

g_# to s

h to x

ju to ji

l_# to th

nj to j

o: to e

pl, fl, kl to pr, fr, kr

ps to s:

qi to hja

q to h

r to l

stop finals to ?, except for t, p, ng, n and k

Voiced stop-finals to unvoiced

Vp,t,kV to Vb,d,gV

_nd_,_ld_,_l:_ to ɖ:

Proto-Athelic to Sanacer

·       a→ aː

·       c → ts

·       d → ts

·       e, i, u → ɨ

·       k → ts / _i

·       k, kʲ, ɡ→ k

·       kʷ gʷ→ k plus labialization

·       kʷ gʷ → k / _i

·       w → Ø / h_i, t_, th_

·       wV, jV → V̏ː / #_ (i.e. the vowel following the dropped glide becomes long and acquires low-falling tone)

·       V → Ø / C_hC

·       Vh→ Vː / _#

·       Ø → V̋ː / C_# (i.e. a long vowel with high-rising tone (usually one of /a̋ː i̋ː ʌ̃̋ː/, the conditions are unclear) is added after any word-final consonant)

·       iji → iː

·       iː, uː → i, u

·       tsn → hst

·       n → h / _st

·       n, → Ø / _j

·       p, b→ p

·       t → Ø / _k, _n, n_

·       t, d → t

·       j → Ø / ts_

·       Ø → i / C_R (i.e. an epenthetic /i/ is inserted before /n ɹ w j/ if another consonant precedes)

·       s → Ø / #h_V

·       ts → s / h_

·       ks → ts / _V

·       nh → hn

·       final nasals → n

·       q → k

·       x → Ø / _k

·       x → h / _C, except when C_C or _k

·       x → k

·       C[+laryngeal] → Ø /C[+resonant +syllabic]__C

·       C[+laryngeal] → aː /C__C

·       iC[+laryngeal] → ja

·       uC[+laryngeal] → wa

* All voiced consonants are devoiced

Palatalisation before front vowels, including, but not limited to:

·       t → tɕ

·       k → ɕ

·       st → ɕː

·       l → ʎ

·       n → ɲ

·       As a synchronic allophonic rule, /t ts k/ are realized as [d dz ɡ ɡʷ] before vowels.

Vowels

a→ aː

·       e, i, u → ɨ

·       iː, uː → i, u

·       C[+laryngeal] → aː /C__C

ə → ʌ̃

Pyeshwer

Milkwajs